Financial Institutions Example

Financial Institutions Example Financial Institutions – Coursework Example Credit Risk Credit Risk Credit risk is a risk that arises following a potential that a borrower will fail to honor their obligation to repay the loan as per the agreed time and terms. For banks, loans that they give to customers are the main source of credit risk. There is usually the risk that customers might default in paying the loans. Other sources might be off as well as on balance sheet. Off balance sheet causes may include commitments on loans, letters of unfunded credit and lines of credit. A reduction in required rate of return (RRR) may be used as a way of preventing credit risk. This has been indicated by Bloomberg news concerning the Peoples Bank of China (PBOC), showing their system-wide wide cut in RRR since May 2012, as a way of preventing credit risks, following a decreasing debt ratio of China as decreasing from 209 percent to 125 percent by end of 2008 (Bloomberg 2014).The news shows RRR as being flexible in that it can be reduced in one month and increased in the n ext month, lowering it in sections and holding it constant in other sections. PBOC is seen to have reduced RRR in the banks in rural areas and thus lowering the ratio for small renders and injecting liquidity into some other banks using other new financial tools like facility for medium-term lending and pledged supplementary lending (Bloomberg 2014). However, there is a danger of the easier credit flowing to areas that are economically less productive, that arises out of reducing RRR across the board.Reference:Bloomberg. (2014). PBOC balance sheet surge gives room to ease on bank reserves. Retrieved on February 27 2015 from: bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12- 09/pboc-balancesheet-surge-offers-scope-to-ease-on-bank-reserves

Breaking the Silence

Breaking the Silence: The Power of Articulation We feel safer with a madman who talks than with one who cannot open his mouth, stated the French philosopher E.M. Cioran. Though seemingly counterintuitive, this statement is undoubtedly true, begging us to question what it is about silence that is so powerful. Silence is, by definition, simply the absence of sound. How can an absence be so commanding? The answer lies in its ability to stifle, to overwhelm, and to control. Because it is undefined, silence invites the imagination to run its course, thereby making it profoundly intimidating and controlling. This fact has often been utilized as a means for control. This theory is clearly seen in both Toni Morrisons Beloved and Maxine Hong Kingstons The Woman Warrior, in which different cultures and individuals use silence as a means for power, control, and manipulation. However, though it is the less imposing of the two, language is by no means less powerful than silence. In response to the threat of silence, an urgent need for language and expression arises. As seen in both Beloved and The Woman Warrior, the power of language always prevails; whether through writing, telling stories, or simply allowing memories to present themselves, language always finds a way to break through the silence. In Beloved, silence is used by whites as a tool to suppress blacks both directly and indirectly. Morrison introduces this concept immediately with her dedication to the 60 million and more blacks that were killed in slavery. This is Morrisons way of honoring those people that were faced with the ultimate silence death and are consequently unable to tell their own story. Yet even the blacks who survived struggled against silence. They were denied the opportunity to learn how to write, and were given no say in their fates or the fates of their families. They were also stifled in a more symbolic way, through the brutal and senseless treatment they were made to endure. They were completely deprived of their humanity, made to believe they were worthless, and treated as less than animals. Not only did this dehumanization result in the loss of a personal voice, but it also did lasting damage to the slaves internal ability to find expression for their pain. In order for them to continue l iving as functional human beings even after slavery, they needed to silence their own memories and hide them from others and often from themselves. Sethe, for example, constantly struggles to silence her memories of the pain of slavery, often by working or distracting herself. When the occasional memory resurfaces, she finds herself unable to deal with the emotions that accompany it. In one such instance, she had to do something with her hands because she was remembering something she had forgotten she knew. Something privately shamefulhad seeped into a slit in her mind (Morrison 73). Not only does this display the paralyzing effects of their ill treatment, but it also shows the shame that supplements these horrible memories. To fight these emotions, Sethe forces them back into the recesses of her mind, often by distracting herself. Her motto is, nothing better than that to start the days serious work of beating back the past (ibid 86). In Paul Ds case, he keeps his memories in that tobacco tin buried in his chest where a red heart used to be. Its lid rusted shut (ibid, 86). Even Denver, affected by the problems of slavery only through inheritance, experiences this suppression, this silencing of painful memories or thoughts. When she hears something about her familys past that she could not bear to hear (ibid, 122), she could not hearanything at all thereafter. For two years she walked in a silence too solid for penetration (ibid, 121). This is quite an extreme case, manifesting as it does in physical symptoms, but silence in any form throughout the novel is indicative of the horrible damage caused by slavery. Whether self-inflicted or not, this silence is not a solution; it only prolongs the pain. This suppression cannot last long, for confronting this silence is the only way the former slaves can move on with their lives. While ultimately beneficial, this is not an easy process. As Amy says, Its gonna hurt, nowanything dead coming back to life hurts (ibid, 42). The first problem, the dehumanization (the direct result of slaverys destruction), is a difficult, yet more approachable problem than the suppressed memories. Baby Suggs makes it her goal to tackle this first problem by holding gatherings that promote the expression of humanity, individualization, and love of oneself. She tells them, [the whites] aint in love with your mouthwhat you say out of it they will not heed. What you scream from it they do not hearYou got to love it (ibid, 104). In response, a huge emotional outburst ensues, with laughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it got mixed up (ibid, 103). The release of such pent-up hurt is powerful indeed. For Sethe, Paul D, and Denver, their release is catalyzed by the presence of Beloved, the human embodiment of suppressed memories that are now not only resurfacing, but assuming a physical presence in their lives. Her presence forces them to confront the past, each in a different way. For example, when Paul D is having sex with Beloved, he finds that the flakes of rustfell away from the seams of his tobacco tin. So when the lid gave he didnt know it (ibid, 137). For Denver, Beloved is a reason for her to tell stories. They sit together and Denver spoke, Beloved listened, and the two did the best they could to create what really happened (ibid, 92). This is therapeutic for Denver, who has had to grow up in a house of silence and repression, given only scraps of stories to which she desperately clings. For Sethe, Beloveds mere presence is enough to initiate the catharsis. For everyone, she is a reminder that memories cannot and should not be smothered forever. The silence in Woman Warrior is far less damaging, but is still a very difficult subject for those who are bound by its restrictions. Though with less malicious intentions as those seen in Beloved, this silence similarly tries to control the culture and traditions of a specific society. Efforts are aimed at children, women, and those who transgress all those who are threatening to the continuation of the traditional culture. By controlling what people say (or dont say), the Chinese are able to make sure that people continue to think, act, and feel the way that tradition dictates they should. Especially during a time when their culture is in danger of disintegrating (when faced with immigration to the United States), being selective about what is said allows only select messages to be passed on. This is exemplified in the story of the no name woman, an aunt who is rejected from the family and who later takes her own life (and the life of her newborn baby). The first thing Maxine is told about this woman is you must not tell anyonewe say that your father has all brothers because it is as if she had never been born (Kingston, 3). By not allowing anyone to speak her name or admit her presence, they suppress the parts of their memories that do not agree with the commons goal of the culture an exercise in selective memory carried way too far. Silence is especially valued in girls and children, as seen when Brave Orchid goes to the market to buy a slave girl as a nurse, and readers see that only the quiet girls are valued. Also, when Moon Orchid comes to live with Brave Orchid and family, she is astonished by how impolite [untraditional in Chinese] her children were (ibid, 121). The children do not know to speak only when spoken to, and to talk only at the correct volume, and so Moon Orchid considers them abominable. The children cannot learn these things, however, because no one vocalizes the rules or traditions; they are just expected to know them. The fact that the adults withhold this kind of communication from the children only worsens the anxiety the children have about not being able to fit in. They do not know how to fit into American culture, for no one tells them how. They do not know how to fit into Chinese culture, for no one tells them how. And they certainly cannot figure out how to be Chinese-American, for no one even knows how. The children are even lost when it comes to tradition. Maxine observes, even the good things are unspeakablewe kids had to infer the holidaysthe adults get mad, evasive, and shut you up if you ask (ibid, 185). Maxine even insists that her mother cut her tongue when she was a child to keep her silent. Though not for that reason, this did in fact happen she remained completely silent for three years. She did not really understand her silence or the reasons for it, but she could understand that the other Chinese girls did not talk either, so [she] knew the silence had to do with being a Chinese girl (ibid , 166). The childrens difficulty with language is one of many unfortunate by-products of their cultures control over what is said and what is not said. As Maxine observes, you cant entrust your voice to the Chinese, either; they want to capture your voice for their own use. They want to fix up your tongue to speak for them (ibid, 169). Though it is most clearly expressed in the children, both children and adults struggle to find a way to maintain their own voices in a culture that wants to capture them. As has been demonstrated, the suppression of memories is never complete, never permanent, and never a solution; language and expression always show themselves, either aggressively or subtly. In The Woman Warrior, readers find that the methods for this vary from story-telling (referred to as talk-stories) to projection onto others and consequent bullying. Brave Orchid, Moon Orchid, and eventually Maxine all take the first path by using these talk-stories as selective messages chosen to reflect specific things that they cannot explicitly say. White Tigers is a story of female strength, of finding a balance between a womans filial, societal duties and her personal goals. These things can never be outwardly conveyed from mother to daughter in Chinese society, but through elaborate stories Brave Orchid is able to pass this wisdom on to Maxine. Similarly, the story of Brave Orchids past as a well-respected doctor serves to subtly inspire hope in Maxine, all the while teaching her that whi le she has goals, she also has duties to fulfill (as seen in Brave Orchids choice to leave this life for a more unstable one in America, with her family). This is the womens disguised way of breaking the silence, of ensuring the psychological and emotional strength of the future female generations. Maxine does not observe this immediately, although she seems to have always been attracted to stories and storytelling. Instead, Maxines initial reaction to the oppressive silence is rather immature: she targets one girl in her class who never speaks at all (who is, consequently, the embodiment of this tradition of silence). She pinches her and screams, Why wont you talk?If you dont talk, you cant have a personalityyouve got to let people know you have a personality and a brain (ibid, 180). Maxine is clearly taking out her anger on this girl. She cant understand why the girl wont talk, just as Maxine cant understand the Chinese traditions, what is expected of her, and the silence that is seemingly forced upon her. Maxines second reaction is a healthier one: she decides to tell her mother all the things she had been afraid to say out loud. She thinks, maybe because I was the one with the tongue cut loose, I had grown inside me a list of over two hundred things that I had to tell my mother so that she would know the true things about me and to stop the pain in my throat (ibid, 197). This is a very proactive way of ending the silence that Maxine can no longer bear. Yet this effort is too bold, too incongruous with the culture, so she is rejected by her mother, who refuses to listen. She ignores the fact that her mother will not listen, and yells everything at her all at once all her fears, regrets, aspirations, and frustrations. Maxines final solution is the most effective she writes everything down in a book. Through writing, she can break the silence that has confused and stifled her for so long, and she can fill in the blanks with contextual (if often invented) re alities to explain everything that she has never been told. True, her disclosures might upset her family, but Maxine is breaking the silence of all those who were oppressed, using only a single tool: language. While language may hurt at times, it ultimately proves to be the only true end to the cycle of repression and manipulation that silence does its best to inflict. Through silence, the need for language only grows stronger and stronger. Therefore, language and expression are the necessary antidotes to silence, for a life of silence is confusing and repressive. It is only through language and expression that we can find our release, our freedom, and our individuality.

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

1 - Assignment Example Women were the main source of labor and were expected to be highly productive in the society. Women were the major contributors during tilling and harvesting of land. In comparison, it should be clear that Egyptian practices were more inclined in religion contrary to the Mesopotamia’s that were scientifically driven (Wengrow, 2010). The architectural designs implored in constructions of the Egyptian Pyramids had more religious inclination than scientific. On the other hand, the dykes that were built along the Tigris and the Euphrates had more scientific backing than religious connotation. The other factor that made Mesopotamia more advanced than Egypt is that it had more trade links compared to Egypt. Mesopotamia had an extensive market across Asia for its clay products. Technologically, the wheel system which was invented in Mesopotamia catapulted transportation, farming and pottery to even greater levels of development than the more religion oriented Egypt (Walther, 1989). In conclusion, Egypt and Mesopotamia remain some of the ancient civilization courtesy of their strategic locations, technological adaptations, culture and religion.However.Mesopotamia witnessed more advanced than Egypt in terms of civilization because of its scientific orientation than

Research paper '' email habit of UCLAN staff and students'' Essay

Research paper '' email habit of UCLAN staff and students'' - Essay Example The study has analyzed the importance of email in the campus life. It has accessed of how frequently and for what purpose emailing assists teachers and students in the campus. Keywords Communication; information; technology; email; emailing habits; electronic mail. Research Aims & Objectives To uncover the literature highlighting the importance of electronic mails. To analyze and comprehend email as a tool of campus communication. To determine the patterns of the use of the electronic mail by UCLAN staff and students. To draw understanding of the importance of electronic mail. Literature Review Introduction & Background In the modern era, where technology (computers and internet) is at every door step, people want to remain connected. Being connected means the way of life of the modern digital world [1]. No matter those are working men, teachers or students everyone is found interacted and engaged in this post modern system. This is all due to the vibrant World Wide Web media which i ncarnates strongest integration with the removal of the gaps of communication [1]. Communication is to have each others’ guidance and support at the time during work or during leisure period. This requirement of communication is fulfilled through internet which has closed down the spaces of society, community and the people of the system [8]. Students which are part of the society and are in the fast track bring the best use of internet. They get integrated with peers and teachers using different connecting mediums on the internet and on the World Wide Web media [13]. For exchanging thoughts during leisure time social media is mostly popular in students, but when a formal approach is needed, emailing is the right way to get connected [13]. Adapting the email format comes out suitable and sufficient for both teachers and students, as this is the method majority of institutions and colleges apply [2]. Emailing effectively connects students and teachers. It connects students, te achers and peers and maintains the relationship of the groups during the college time and the off time status. This is how through emailing habits, use of computer is there among students and among the faculty staff members [3]. A communication circle is maintained and regulated by emailing and the emailing habits [2]. Theoretical Framework The contemporary literature highlights that the use of technology (computers) and internet is extensive in college and high school level [9]. There are considerations given to college students in understanding their behaviors and their routine habits. The researchers have pointed out that the majority of students are habitual in using internet where the use of social media is most vibrant and adaptive. In perceptions of faculty staff members, students use internet to communicate [9]. They use it to create a social circle with peers and also to acquire lectures and tutorials during their off campus times. The literature highlights two types of com munication patterns that emerge from students and faculty staff members. The patterns identified are casual in which students come across to communicate peers and formal in which students concisely communicate with teachers. The authors identify that most formal communications are based on emailing [5]. Such formal communications are frequent through regular emails. Students send emails to teachers to take off time support on class lectures and

Recess Games Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive papers

Recess Games Better safe than sorry. An expression Americans are exposed to and familiar with, especially parental figures. Adults who are new to the parenting game live by this guideline. A parent or guardian’s sole concern is the safety of their children. Their actions will probably be based on texts read or on first-hand experience, but instinctually, parents will play the safety game. It is this instinct and concern for young students’ safety that is causing school districts across the nation to review what recess-like games are appropriate in the elementary school setting. Games such as tag, dodge-ball, and football are a risk to student safety and should be removed from the public school system despite the developmental strengths the games possess. School systems across the country (including those in New York, Virginia, Maryland, Maine, Ohio, Texas, and California) are reviewing the dangers of schoolyard play. Simply, the student-teacher ratio is far too great to effectively maintain a safe atmosphere for children to play in. 70% of accidents and injuries come from falling off equipment, which still leaves three in ten incidents relating to kids playing rough. Many school districts have already banned games on the playground that violate a â€Å"no-touch† policy. These games, however, are still allowed in the physical education aspect of the day, under close adult supervision. For the most part, each school is in charge of its own restrictions that will be enforced. The â€Å"no-touch† policy is a popular choice. The degree of restriction varies, but the general trend protecting safety is to allow no contact games; no pushing or grabbing; in football, no tackling or blocking; and, no games that can result in shou ting and hurt... ...es and activities, taking the same exams and doing the same homework for years. They will fight for each other’s approval and respect. All these things that can be accomplished outdoors have just safely been moved to a desk in a closely supervised room. At recess, children learn to interact with one another, to govern themselves and have a good time all at once. Not to mention the motor skills gained. But the price of all this is too high. In the event a child is hurt due to horseplay, and the school or teacher is held responsible, there is no money available for that scenario. The school district cannot afford an accident. Plus, a teacher’s reputation is on the line after a lawsuit. â€Å"Better safe than sorry† is the most efficient and fail-safe plan of action to guarantee the safety of our children. The restrictions save time, money, and stress of all involved.

Curriculum Alignment Research Suggests That Alignment Can Improve Student Achievement Essay

Alignment is a match between two categories and Curriculum describes what gets taught (Squires, 2012). Curriculum alignment attempts to put to maximum effect the relationship among three categories; namely the taught curriculum, the written curriculum, and the test curriculum. It shows how the above can be used to improve student achievement thus explaining how the design for a curriculum can be aligned to state standards and state specifications for effective instructional process (Squires, 2012). This article serves to provide a backup into a curriculum design that makes sure what is tested gets taught. It also shows the difficulty that is encountered in in having numerous assessment standards and seeks a way to eliminate the challenge and secondly a specific curriculum can be potentially aligned to more than one standard. From this article, we get to find from Balance curriculum that when a curriculum is properly aligned, student achievement and performance improves. According to Squires (2012), when taught curriculum is aligned to written standards, there is increased, strong and positive student achievement. Squires (2012) showed textbook studies fostered a limited range of learning strategies such that the emphasis is frequently on problem solving rather than learning by reading, discussion and argument in order to acquire the knowledge to solve a problem of one’s own choosing. Squires (2012) showed that textbooks may not be well aligned to state tests and it would be prudent for the school districts to identify the gaps and provide the teachers with materials to cover the gaps. In order to align the state tests (test curriculum) to state standards (written curriculum), Marzano came up with a benchmark for comparing all state and national professional association standards to each other and created a website where the same could be achieved for instance, Archives (www.aligntoachieve.com) provided four criteria for alignment of textbooks to standards that are; content, performance, level of difficulty and balance and range. From above we also find there is constraint in testing time where only a limited number of concepts can be assessed effectively (Squires, 2012). From (Third International Mathematics and Science Studies) TIMSS study findings, it is significant to note that the content of a country’s’ curriculum affects student achievement and that for student learning, the extent of opportunities to learn will depend on the time the teacher spends on the topic which translates to greater performance. A district must control time and content covered at a specific time if the results are to improve of which it is the function of the curriculum. The districts can assist in aligning, structuring, implementing and assessing the curriculum (Squires, 2012). Reference Squires, D. A. (2012), Curriculum Alignment Research Suggests That Alignment Can Improve Student Achievement, London, Routledge. Source document

Papers - 749 Words

Outline and Summary of the Articles of Confederation Article I: The name of the new confederacy is â€Å"The United States of America† Article II: Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, independence, and every power not specifically granted to the new Congress. Article III: This confederacy is a â€Å"league of friendship† among the states for *common defense *securing their liberties *their shared welfare They will protect each other from attack. Article IV: All free inhabitants of the different states (except paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice) are entitled to the same privileges and immunities that the inhabitants of each state have. For example, people can come and go freely among the†¦show more content†¦*No state may engage in a war without consent of the Congress unless it is actually invaded or if it is about to be invaded by Indians. Article VII: When a state raises an army for national defense, all officers ranked colonel or below will be appointed by the state legislature. Article VIII: Costs of war or other national expenses will be paid from a common treasury. Each state will pay into the treasury in proportion to the value of land in that state. Article IX: Powers of the United States in Congress Assembled *Congress has the sole and exclusive right to wage war and peace; *send receive ambassadors; *enter into treaties or alliances; *decide how captured prizes in war will be divided; *grant letters of marque and reprisal (that is, create privateers); *appoint courts for dealing with crimes on the high sea and for captured prizes. *Congress is also the court of last resort in case of a dispute between states. *Congress also has the sole and exclusive right to regulate the value of coins; *set standard weights and measures; *regulate affairs and trade with Indians outside individual states; *establish and regulate post offices; *make rules to govern army and navy. *Congress may appoint a committee to serve asShow MoreRelated Paper761 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1790s members of the industry in both Paris and London were working on inventions to try to mechanise paper-making. 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